急性淡水胁迫对四指马鲅幼鱼鳃、心脏、脾脏和肝脏组织结构的影响

【目的】探究急性淡水胁迫对四指马鲅（Eleutheronema tetradactylum）幼鱼鳃、心脏、脾脏和肝脏组织结构的影响，为低盐度养殖及良种选育提供参考。【方法】将暂养于盐度9水体中的四指马鲅幼鱼放入盐度0的水族箱中，分别于淡水胁迫2、6、12、24、48、72 h时进行活体取样，采用组织学方法对四指马鲅幼鱼的鳃、心脏、脾脏和肝脏组织结构进行研究。【结果】四指马鲅幼鱼在受到急性淡水胁迫时，鳃小片长度出现逐渐增长的趋势，宽度先缩小后逐渐增大，鳃小片间距先增大后有回落，线粒体丰富细胞数量持续增多。心肌横纹肌大小、心肌细胞间隙大小和间质血管大小均呈现先增后减的趋势，心肌横纹肌大小的峰值出现在淡水胁迫12 h时，心肌细胞间隙和间质血管大小的峰值出现在淡水胁迫24 h时。脾脏的白髓面积和边缘区面积在胁迫24 h内逐渐增加，黑色素巨噬细胞颜色逐渐加深，胁迫24 h时达到峰值，随后逐渐回落；淡水胁迫72 h时，红髓、边缘区、白髓和黑色素巨噬细胞大致恢复至胁迫前水平。未受淡水胁迫的四指马鲅幼鱼肝细胞体积较大，呈多面体，细胞核呈圆球形且位于中央，部分肝细胞具有2～3个核，肝板结构清晰，肝血窦形...     

中国淡水产品物流现状、问题及发展建议

淡水产品物流是联通淡水产品捕捞、加工、销售过程中的重要环节，是保障淡水产品大范围流通、解决消费不平衡问题的重要途径。中国是淡水产品生产和消费大国，淡水产品具有易腐性、季节性、区域性，因此给淡水产品流通带来一定挑战。综合介绍了中国淡水产品物流现状，包括淡水产品产量、流通形式、基础设施和政策环境等，从淡水加工产品产量、储运设备、管理体制、信息化建设、物流标准、冷链人才等方面入手，分析了当下中国淡水产品物流业存在的问题，并提出了完善中国淡水产品物流业的若干建议，为促进中国淡水产品物流业发展提供参考意见。     

Assessment of changes in the ichthyofauna in a tropical reservoir in south-eastern Brazil: Consequences of global warming?

Increases in temperatures over the last century, more intensively after the eighties, were recorded in several databases for the south-eastern Brazil. These increases are likely to change fish communities in aquatic systems by decreasing abundances, biomass and sizes of some species more sensitive to climate change. Reservoirs may be particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change, as they isolate previously connected areas limiting fish dispersal and migration, as well as increasing water temperature and thermal stratification. We assessed temporal changes in the abundance and biomass of the ichthyofauna in an isolate reservoir (inflowing waters from small tributaries in a highland region) aiming to associate changes with climate effects over three decades (1990, 2000, 2010). Two abundant native species, a loricariid Loricariichthys castaneus (Castelnau, 1855) and a cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), were selected to assess eventual response to climate changes in their geographical distribution in the Southeast Atlantic Hydrographic Region, considering different carbon emission scenarios using ecological niche models. A decrease in the densities and biomass of the ichthyofauna and of the two selected species were observed in both summer and winter over the three decades, coinciding with increases in temperatures. These decreases were correlated with increases in positive anomalies of temperature, which may be an indicator of climatic changes, although with low explanation of the data variation. The mean size of L. castaneus decreased between the nineties and 2010, whereas no significant trend was found for the size of G. brasiliensis. Our predictions of new area for future adequacy indicated a loss in the distribution area for both species (mainly for G. brasiliensis), considering the most pessimistic scenario for 2050 and 2070, possibly due to climatic changes. Both hydroelectric dams and global warming pose threats to freshwater fish diversity, and both will interact. Changes observed in the fish assemblage over the last decades were essential for an assessment of the consequences of global warming in this type of reservoir combining larger scale studies with future projections.     

滤食性贝类养殖碳汇功能研究进展及未来值得关注的科学问题

我国是世界海水滤食性贝类养殖第一大国，滤食性贝类及其所处的近海生态系统与碳的生物地球化学过程关系密切。本文概述了滤食性贝类养殖碳汇研究进展，分析了目前在支撑数据的科学性和系统性、对关键过程和机理认知等方面存在的问题，提出了后续在碳汇形成过程和机制的基础研究、方法学研发和交易体系建设、碳汇扩增模式构建和产业化应用等亟需持续深入的方向。研究结果将为深入认识和科学评估滤食性贝类养殖生态系统的碳汇效应及其服务国家“双碳”战略目标的潜力提供科学依据。     

基于被动水声信号的淡水鱼种类识别

针对淡水鱼种类自动识别问题,采用被动水声信号作为数据源,运用维纳滤波和采样降噪法对水声信号进行预处理,通过4层小波包分解算法提取频段能量,结合信号的短时平均能量和短时平均过零率构建特征向量,使用概率神经网络分类器实现了淡水鱼种类的快速识别,研究了不同平滑因子取值对识别效果的影响。结果表明,当平滑因子为9~19时识别效果最佳,其中草鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼的识别正确率均为100%,无鱼状态的识别正确率为77.3%,总正确率为94.3%。     

Forest conversion adversely affects native Macrobrachium shrimp assemblages in tropical Malaysian streams

1. Commodity-driven forest conversion represents one of the most severe threats to freshwater biodiversity in Southeast Asia, notably causing population declines and the extinction of freshwater fish species.
2. Although a variety of freshwater taxa are likely to be adversely affected by forest conversion, little is known about the impact on ecologically and economically important invertebrates such as decapod crustaceans.
3. This study evaluated the impact of forest conversion and land-use change on freshwater Macrobrachium shrimp species, using species richness, abundance, and environmental data collected from 20 streams across southern Peninsular Malaysia. Streams were located in three types of landscape: forest; oil palm plantation; and mixed land use, comprising young secondary forest, small-scale plantations, patches of open and sparsely vegetated areas, and agricultural fields and clearings.
4. Generalized linear models showed that even incomplete change from forest habitats to mixed land use and oil palm plantation resulted in significantly lower Macrobrachium native species richness and higher non-native species abundance. Native species richness was positively correlated with canopy cover, leaf litter, substrate size, and dissolved oxygen, and was negatively correlated with water temperature and conductivity. Native species richness was also negatively correlated with non-native species abundance, with non-native species abundance increasing along the human disturbance gradient.
5. These results highlight the need for riparian habitat protection to conserve native Macrobrachium and limit the spread of non-native species. A management priority should be to maintain or restore optimum instream habitat conditions for shrimps, which would also benefit fish and other benthic macroinvertebrates. Suitable riparian management requires substantial support and funding from multiple stakeholders, but it can be aligned with other catchment-based strategies to optimize the use of limited resources available for freshwater biodiversity conservation.

     

链状亚历山大藻的培养及麻痹性贝类毒素的提取和检测

为了研究麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins,PSP)的来源和检测,对实验室分离培养的产麻痹性贝类毒素的链状亚历山大藻进行了研究。首先通过接种对数生长期藻细胞,培养8 d内就能达到最高细胞密度(2.4×10⁴ cells/mL)左右,再以0.05 mol/L的醋酸超声波破碎藻细胞提取粗毒素,结合小白鼠生物检测法,经高效液相色谱分析,本株藻主要含有C1/2、GTX4、GTX5和NEO,浓度分别为GTX5(0.827 5)>GTX4(0.339 2)>C2(0.252 6)>NEO(0.126 6)>C1(0.045 5)(单位:μmol/L),毒素粗提液经过Sephadex-G15凝胶层析柱处理,用小白鼠生物法和荧光分光光度法联合检测定位,收集到纯度较高的PSP,本论文工作为将来贝类毒素的研究提供资料。     

淡水鱼头尾及腹背自动定向方法

鱼体头尾及腹背自动定向是推进淡水鱼全程机械化加工的重要前提。基于水平振动方法和视觉图像识别技术设计自动头尾和腹背定向装置。通过对鱼体在头尾定向振动台上的受力分析和运动状态分析，阐明鱼体转动原理和头尾前进原理，将鱼体在振动台上的运动状态分为4种，基于此分析了鱼体成功进行头尾定向的条件。结合图像识别技术，创制导向机构、视觉识别系统、剔除机构、V形腹背定向执行机构、V形校正输送机构，实现鱼体自动腹背作业。以鲫鱼、草鱼、白鲢3种典型淡水鱼为试验对象，以鱼体完成定向时间和成功率作为评价指标，探究了鱼体种类、输送带类型、振动幅度、振动频率对鱼体头尾定向效果的影响规律，并探究鱼体种类对腹背定向效果的影响规律。试验结果表明：鱼体在振动台上的头尾前进运动状态理论计算与试验结果一致，证明本文理论计算可以有效指导实际头尾定向作业。输送带为倒三角纹时，鱼体才能完成头尾定向作业。鱼体头尾定向效果随振动幅度和频率增大而提升，当振动幅度大于160mm时整机振动剧烈，因此最优幅度为160mm；当频率大于5Hz，定向效果变化不明显，因此最优频率为5Hz。腹背定向效果由输送带输送速度和机器视觉识别准确率决定，各类鱼体腹背定向时间保持在15s、定向成功率在95%~97%范围内。研究结果可为鱼体自动定向装置工艺参数设计和选择提供技术参考。     

渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区腹泻性和麻痹性贝类毒素的监测与风险评估

为监测渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区贝类毒素的污染情况，防止食用贝类中毒事件发生，于2019年10月—2020年9月间，每月持续在渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区采集四角蛤(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)和硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria) 7种经济贝类样品，采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测试了5种腹泻性贝类毒素(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, DSP)和14种麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)。结果显示，在7种经济贝类样品中均未检出DSP。检出的PSP成分包括石房蛤毒素(Saxitoxin, STX)、膝沟藻毒素1 (Gonyautoxin 1, GTX 1)、膝沟藻毒素2 (Gonyautoxin 2, GTX 2)和脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素3 (Ddecarbamoy l gonyautoxin 3, dcGTX 3)，其中，GTX 1含量最高且最高值为537.95 μg/kg。不同季节贝类毒素蓄积含量有一定差异，PSP主要集中在4月检出。菲律宾蛤仔、牡蛎、文蛤和硬壳蛤中PSP的检出率分别为11.76%、47.06%、5.90%和8.82%，其他贝类均未检出。PSP总量均低于欧盟及中国的食用安全限量标准800 μg STXeq/kg。应用风险熵值法和点评估法进行食用安全风险评估，显示风险熵值和暴露风险指数均在安全范围内，结果表明，渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区7种经济贝类不存在食用安全风险。     

关于在饲料中利用淡水鱼内脏油的研究

用淡水鱼内脏油作配合饲料脂肪源是行之有效的。采用进口酪蛋白、糊精、纤维素、矿物剂及维生素为基础原料，配制四组不同的等量单一脂肪源饲料及四组不等量的相同脂肪源饲料，通过６０ｄ的团头鲂喂养试验，以鱼体增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率为试验评定指标，得出：（１）精制鱼油较粗制鱼油为好，添加效果均优于豆油，淡水鱼内脏油是一种理想的饲料脂肪源；（２）精制淡水鱼内脏油与海水鱼油饲养效果相当，淡水鱼内脏油可以部分或全部取代海水鱼油；（３）配合饲料中添加４％～６％的淡水鱼内脏油，不仅可加快鱼体的生长，而且能降低饲料成本，提高蛋白质利用率。